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Message #02194
Re: Macbook Pro graphics switching
Ok I have written a blog post for the blog page. I'll put it up soon
(TM). Find it below and feel free to edit it if you want:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Nz0fhczdFHBWnSv1Wr3BWOflU-1AvIwNvjVYfeHfT94/edit
Albert.
On Wed, Apr 4, 2012 at 3:51 AM, Andreas Heider <andreas@xxxxxxxx> wrote:
> Hi,
>
> at the moment I have pretty much no free time at all to spend on it and the
> post from two weeks ago is already pretty outdated. On the other hand, I've
> been running an updated version since then and it's running pretty well on
> my laptop.
>
> The biggest change is probably that I'm now using EFI boot, because the
> intel card doesn't work with suspend in BIOS mode. This means that the
> README and kernel patches should be updated. I'll try to do that on the
> weekend.
>
> I've also talked to mjg59 and airlied on IRC about fixing the boot gpu
> detection on Apple EFI and started to sort out the patches that should get
> accepted easily.
>
> There's one major open issue, the intel LVDS detection, that I'd like to get
> fixed before asking too many people to test the driver. According to airlied
> the way to go is to do something like switch_ddc, which requires to change
> all GPU drivers to call a function before reading the EDID data for the
> internal display, which switches the EDID line to them. I already have a
> rough implementation, but it's not done yet.
> The other way I investigated was using reprobe and try to redetect and
> recreate the framebuffer upon a GPU switch doesn't seem to work well with
> the current DRM/fbcon infrastructure. I've been using a hackish version of
> it the last two weeks, and it kind of works but not in a clean way. Also,
> the switch takes a lot longer and has more visual artefacts.
>
> So all the hard stuff is done, what's left are a few hours to fix up
> switch_ddc and then I'd say it's ready for a blog post.
>
> Cheers,
> Andreas
>
>
> On 04/03/2012 08:45 AM, Albert Vilella wrote:
>>
>> Hi all,
>>
>> Any new developments on this front? I am thinking about putting
>> together all the current info and post it in our blog...
>>
>> On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 3:16 PM, Andreas Heider<andreas@xxxxxxxx> wrote:
>>>
>>> Hi everyone,
>>>
>>> I fixed a lot of stuff and now have a first working version.
>>> It's not yet perfect and I expect the internals to change quite a bit,
>>> but
>>> it already works pretty well for me.
>>>
>>> Since everybody loves videos I made two:
>>> A full demo showing everything (switching between the GPUs, bumblebee
>>> with
>>> both the nvidia and nouveau): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FYP3nMyxcQ
>>> And a screen recording showing bumblebee in
>>> action: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdY_qZWNM6E
>>>
>>> If you own a Macbook Pro 6,2 or 6,1 and are adventurous enough to try it
>>> you
>>> can find the source here:
>>> https://github.com/ah-/gmux-scripts
>>> https://github.com/ah-/ubuntu-kernel-mbp
>>> https://github.com/ah-/gmux
>>>
>>> There's also some documentation
>>> at https://github.com/ah-/gmux-scripts/blob/master/README
>>>
>>> The gmux switching driver itself should also work on other models, but
>>> the
>>> scripts and some of the kernel patches won't, because the newer models
>>> use
>>> AMD graphics instead of NVIDIA. I only have access to my Macbook Pro 6,2,
>>> but if you're interested in getting graphics switching to work on other
>>> models I'd be happy to help.
>>>
>>> Over the next time I plan to clean things up and hopefully get some of
>>> this
>>> merged. If someone who knows the linux graphics stack well reads this,
>>> I'd
>>> be happy to get in touch with you to get some help about how to solve the
>>> whole reprobe/lock_ddc problem properly. There are also an issue with the
>>> intel card not properly resuming after a suspend.
>>>
>>> Cheers,
>>> Andreas
>>>
>>>
>>> Am 10.03.2012 um 13:12 schrieb Albert Vilella:
>>>
>>> Really good stuff!! Keep up the good work!
>>>
>>> BTW, what version of the Macbook Pro is that you are testing here? Is
>>> it "MacBookPro7,1"? Should "MacBookPro6,1" also work?
>>>
>>> sudo dmidecode -s system-product-name
>>>
>>> I am guessing the models in Apple's website that have hybrid graphics
>>> now are the ones called "MacBookPro8,2" and "MacBookPro8,3" in these
>>> ubuntu and wikipedia pages, but these are with Intel/AMD combo -- it
>>> seems the 13'' model is Intel-only MacBookPro8,1 (13"):
>>> https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MacBookPro
>>> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook_Pro
>>>
>>> A.
>>>
>>> On Sat, Mar 10, 2012 at 12:01 PM, Andreas Heider<andreas@xxxxxxxx>
>>> wrote:
>>>
>>>
>>> Hi,
>>>
>>>
>>> Am 09.03.2012 um 10:10 schrieb Albert Vilella:
>>>
>>> Do you folks think this is ready for a blog post?
>>>
>>>
>>> There's still a bunch of stuff missing. At the moment switching works,
>>> but
>>> only if you know exactly what you're doing. The next step is to make it
>>> work
>>> without requiring too much manual intervention, so it's possible to
>>> simply
>>> boot the system and switch between nouveau/i915 (and potentially turn the
>>> dedicated card on/off).
>>>
>>>
>>> This is not only related to the gmux driver itself but also to
>>> nouveau/i915
>>> and how they handle not having a monitor attached at boot. I don't think
>>> it
>>> will be too long until this works but I'd prefer to wait a bit until it
>>> does, since the many of the readers of the hybrid-graphics-linux blog are
>>> normal users.
>>>
>>>
>>> In other news, I found a first solution to the vbios problem. There is a
>>> register on the card (0x619f04, if i'm not mistaken
>>> PDISPLAY.VGA.ROM_WINDOW)
>>> which points to where the vbios should be. Initially this register is set
>>> to
>>> 0x000ffe09 on my card but after a powercycle it's set to 0x1.
>>>
>>>
>>> If I manually restore it to 0xffe09 using nvapoke and copy the vbios back
>>> with nvafakebios (otherwise it points to a location with just 0xff) both
>>> nouveau and the nvidia-blob load successfully!
>>>
>>>
>>> For more information see the excellent documentation
>>> at https://github.com/pathscale/envytools/blob/master/hwdocs (especially
>>> nvbars.txt) and the source of the envytools.
>>>
>>>
>>> This is really amazing, because that means that the standard bumblebee
>>> switching will work without major modifications, especially with the
>>> nvidia
>>> blob.
>>>
>>>
>>> Cheers,
>>>
>>> Andreas
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> Now that Linus has Linux running on a Macbook Air, it may be good to
>>>
>>> show Macbook Pros with hybrid graphics have half-decent Linux support
>>>
>>> as well... :-p
>>>
>>>
>>> On Thu, Mar 8, 2012 at 9:34 PM, Andreas Heider<andreas@xxxxxxxx> wrote:
>>>
>>> Hi Peter,
>>>
>>>
>>> I blacklisted both nvidia and nouveau during boot and did exactly these
>>>
>>> eight steps. I used dd to save the config space, if that is of any
>>>
>>> importance (e.g. "dd if=/sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:01:00.0/config
>>>
>>> of=7-restored").
>>>
>>>
>>> Because I'm not sure wether the pci_save/restore_state functions work I
>>> did
>>>
>>> the test twice. You can find the results for the run with
>>>
>>> pci_save/restore_state at http://andreas.meetr.de/nouveau/pcs/ and the
>>> one
>>>
>>> without at http://andreas.meetr.de/nouveau/pcs-2.
>>>
>>>
>>> Both lead to the same result, the vbios is not
>>>
>>> accessible. http://andreas.meetr.de/nouveau/nouveau.dmesg shows how a
>>> normal
>>>
>>> boot with nouveau looks like.
>>>
>>>
>>> Cheers,
>>>
>>> Andreas
>>>
>>>
>>> Am 08.03.2012 um 21:31 schrieb Lekensteyn:
>>>
>>>
>>> Hi Andreas,
>>>
>>>
>>> What about nouveau? The blob sometimes do not get completely unloaded
>>>
>>> (/dev/nvidia* devices then still
>>>
>>> exist).
>>>
>>>
>>> What if the following steps are followed:
>>>
>>>
>>> 1. ensure that the blob has not been loaded (reboot if necessary)
>>>
>>> 2. unload nouveau if necessary
>>>
>>> 3. save pci configuration space
>>>
>>> 4. disable card
>>>
>>> 5. save pci configuration space, it should be all 1's (ff in xxd)
>>>
>>> 6. enable card
>>>
>>> 7. save pci configuration space, it should be similar to (3)
>>>
>>> 8. load the nouveau driver, does it work?
>>>
>>>
>>> Regards,
>>>
>>> Peter
>>>
>>>
>>> On Thu, Mar 8, 2012 at 7:17 PM, Andreas Heider<andreas@xxxxxxxx> wrote:
>>>
>>>
>>> Hi Peter,
>>>
>>>
>>> I'm already saving the pci configuration space with
>>> pci_save/restore_state
>>>
>>> and I've also tried manually changing it through /sys/bus/pci/..., but I
>>>
>>> still have the problem that the blob can't load the vbios.
>>>
>>>
>>> I've uploaded dumps of it, maybe you can spot something thats obviously
>>>
>>> wrong with it:
>>>
>>> 1. After boot: http://andreas.meetr.de/gmux/nv.config
>>>
>>> 2. After one powercycle: http://andreas.meetr.de/gmux/nv.bad.config
>>>
>>> 3. After one powercycle and copying the first config space
>>>
>>> back: http://andreas.meetr.de/gmux/nv.bad.config_restored
>>>
>>>
>>> Unfortunately this still gives me the NVRM: RmInitAdapter failed!
>>>
>>> (0x30:0xffffffff:858) error.
>>>
>>>
>>> Thanks,
>>>
>>> Andreas
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> Am 08.03.2012 um 12:38 schrieb Lekensteyn:
>>>
>>>
>>> Hi Andreas,
>>>
>>>
>>> I've documented about the PCI configuration space issue on
>>>
>>> http://wiki.bumblebee-project.org/ACPI-for-Developers. Bumblebee also
>>>
>>> saves
>>>
>>> and restores the PCI configuration space before enabling/after disabling.
>>>
>>>
>>> Regards,
>>>
>>> Peter
>>>
>>>
>>> On Thu, Mar 8, 2012 at 2:47 AM, Andreas Heider<andreas@xxxxxxxx> wrote:
>>>
>>>
>>> Hi everyone,
>>>
>>>
>>> I'll just continue using this mailing list as a blog. After a lot of
>>>
>>> wild guesses in all directions I now have a setup that could be a base
>>>
>>> for useful graphics switching on Macbook Pros. It's not completely
>>>
>>> reliable yet but hopefully that will improve in the future.
>>>
>>>
>>> Switching between two running GPUs works pretty well and just needs a
>>>
>>> bit more work. But that shouldn't be a big issue.
>>>
>>>
>>> The main problem I fought with is that after powering down the external
>>>
>>> GPU the vbios vanishes and it's impossible to load the proprietary
>>>
>>> nvidia driver:
>>>
>>>
>>> [ 214.505208] NVRM: failed to copy vbios to system memory.
>>>
>>> [ 214.507347] NVRM: RmInitAdapter failed! (0x30:0xffffffff:858)
>>>
>>> [ 214.507357] NVRM: rm_init_adapter(0) failed
>>>
>>>
>>> The same problem exists with nouveau, after the first power cycle
>>>
>>> nouveau doesn't load again if I unload it. I guess this is actually a
>>>
>>> BIOS/EFI/firmware bug, since Apple's switching driver just keeps the
>>>
>>> driver loaded.
>>>
>>>
>>> So it's necessary to load the driver once and keep it loaded. This works
>>>
>>> well with nouveau+vga_switcheroo but is a bit problematic with the
>>>
>>> blob.
>>>
>>>
>>> At the moment I have the blob running with the patch from my first mail
>>>
>>> and noticed that it survives a powercycle if X _is_ loaded while the GPU
>>>
>>> is powered down. If I shutdown X I get this error when I try to start it
>>>
>>> again afterwards:
>>>
>>>
>>> [ 144.390920] NVRM: RmInitAdapter failed! (0x26:0xffffffff:1170)
>>>
>>> [ 144.390930] NVRM: rm_init_adapter(0) failed
>>>
>>>
>>> I'm not 100% certain that this really works but at the moment it's the
>>>
>>> only possibility for getting full switching support with the blob.
>>>
>>>
>>> Speaking of nvidia bugs, I also had problems with the blob not reliably
>>>
>>> loading when I boot with EFI.
>>>
>>> Luckily it's possible to also enable the integrated card in BIOS
>>>
>>> emulation mode. After staring a lot at the output of lspci -xxx from
>>>
>>> both EFI and BIOS boot I noticed that this just requires flipping one
>>>
>>> bit in the pci configuration space. This can be done by adding "setpci
>>>
>>> -d 8086:0044 54.b=0b" in grub. This value will most likely only work for
>>>
>>> this exact model, a MBP 6,2. For more information see
>>>
>>> http://download.intel.com/design/processor/datashts/322813.pdf page 62.
>>>
>>>
>>> If anyone has some hints how to better deal with the blob that would be
>>>
>>> greatly appreciated.
>>>
>>>
>>> On Wed, 2012-02-29 at 10:33 +0100, Lekensteyn wrote:
>>>
>>> Hi Andreas,
>>>
>>>
>>> I'm using nouveau + bbswitch (switcheroo also works, but not after
>>>
>>> resume), not on
>>>
>>> a mac, but a Clevo B7130 (branded as "BTO P-BOOK 17CL34").
>>>
>>>
>>> The restoration of the PCI configuration space is a hack to allow the
>>>
>>> driver to load
>>>
>>> in case it was accidentally loaded while the card was off. This is
>>>
>>> especially necessary
>>>
>>> for the nvidia blob driver which loads itself if you try to
>>>
>>> access /dev/nvidia* devices.
>>>
>>>
>>> In the case of switcheroo, no driver is attempted to be unloaded (see
>>>
>>> the second field
>>>
>>> of the switching_method struct and line 30 of src/switch/switching.c.
>>>
>>>
>>> Sorry, that was my fault. I changed that for testing purposes and then
>>>
>>> forgot about it.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> gmux can be integrated into BB. Writing a new switcher module
>>>
>>> (src/switch/gmux.c)
>>>
>>> which also takes care of loading the switcheroo module (only if that
>>>
>>> is a safe operation!)
>>>
>>> should do the trick. Just be careful not to conflict with switcheroo.
>>>
>>> The other way is leave
>>>
>>> BB as it and require users to load gmux before BB.
>>>
>>>
>>> Because of vbios situation and nouveau already working pretty well with
>>>
>>> switcheroo I'd prefer to keep using that.
>>>
>>>
>>> Regards,
>>>
>>> Peter
>>>
>>>
>>> Cheers,
>>>
>>> Andreas
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> On Wed, Feb 29, 2012 at 12:25 AM, Andreas Heider<andreas@xxxxxxxx>
>>>
>>> wrote:
>>>
>>> Hi Peter,
>>>
>>>
>>> I took another look at bumblebee today and got it running with
>>>
>>> nouveau!
>>>
>>> Bumblebee automatically powers the nvidia card down when it's
>>>
>>> not in
>>>
>>> use and starting programs with optirun works well.
>>>
>>>
>>> This required a dirty hack to bumblebee which you can find
>>>
>>> here:
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> https://github.com/ah-/Bumblebee/commit/c5ab6f0e7f841045cee6905bb367c79091b0eb6b
>>>
>>>
>>> The problem is that bumblebee wants to save/restore the pci
>>>
>>> configuration
>>>
>>> space, which is already done by nouveau. (See
>>>
>>> https://gist.github.com/1935992)
>>>
>>>
>>> It also shouldn't try to unload the driver.
>>>
>>>
>>> Do you think this could somehow be integrated into bumblebee?
>>>
>>>
>>> Cheers,
>>>
>>> Andreas
>>>
>>>
>>> On Tue, 2012-02-28 at 16:14 +0100, Lekensteyn wrote:
>>>
>>> > Hi Andreas,
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > vga_switcheroo is a supported method since Bumblebee 3.0,
>>>
>>> but I
>>>
>>> > assumed that
>>>
>>> > it would not be used for the nvidia driver. If you wish to
>>>
>>> use the
>>>
>>> > nvidia blob with
>>>
>>> > switcheroo, you have to recompile Bumblebee and apply commit
>>>
>>> > 85636d1f21b0644e7dd47e3931479860c55b7a05 (or use the develop
>>>
>>> branch).
>>>
>>> > The
>>>
>>> > next version will have this change too.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > One shortcoming of vga_switcheroo now is that the state is
>>>
>>> messed up
>>>
>>> > after
>>>
>>> > suspend: switcheroo remembered that the card was off, but in
>>>
>>> reality
>>>
>>> > the card
>>>
>>> > is on. The module bbswitch worked around this by enabling
>>>
>>> the card
>>>
>>> > before
>>>
>>> > suspend and disabling the card on resume.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > In some cases, while the card was turned off with switcheroo
>>>
>>> caused
>>>
>>> > the machine
>>>
>>> > to lock when the card is tried to be accessed. If switcheroo
>>>
>>> is not an
>>>
>>> > option for
>>>
>>> > Bumblebee, you can write your own switching code. See the
>>>
>>> src/switch/
>>>
>>> > directory
>>>
>>> > for examples.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > Regards,
>>>
>>> > Peter
>>>
>>> > (Bumblebee and bbswitch developer)
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > On Tue, Feb 28, 2012 at 3:16 PM, Andreas Heider
>>>
>>> <andreas@xxxxxxxx>
>>>
>>> > wrote:
>>>
>>> > Hello everybody,
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > I'm developing a vga_switcheroo driver for the Apple
>>>
>>> Macbook
>>>
>>> > Pro models
>>>
>>> > with switchable graphics and have a few questions
>>>
>>> about how to
>>>
>>> > integrate
>>>
>>> > it with the current linux hybrid graphics
>>>
>>> infrastructure.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > Apple implemented the switching using a "chip"
>>>
>>> dubbed the
>>>
>>> > "gmux" (probably short for graphics multiplexer or
>>>
>>> something
>>>
>>> > similar).
>>>
>>> > The gmux can power down the external graphics card,
>>>
>>> switch the
>>>
>>> > DDC,
>>>
>>> > internal and external display connections
>>>
>>> (individually)
>>>
>>> > between both
>>>
>>> > cards and set the backlight brightness. Unlike most
>>>
>>> newer
>>>
>>> > laptops with
>>>
>>> > hybrid graphics, Apple's Macbook Pros use a physical
>>>
>>> mux.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > Luckily the gmux has remained mostly the same
>>>
>>> between all
>>>
>>> > models with
>>>
>>> > switchable graphics, so it should be possible to
>>>
>>> develop one
>>>
>>> > driver that
>>>
>>> > supports all of them.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > This driver has actually been lying around in
>>>
>>> unfinished state
>>>
>>> > for some
>>>
>>> > time now, until Seth Forshee from Canonical recently
>>>
>>> rewrote
>>>
>>> > it into a
>>>
>>> > clean, backlight-only driver that will hopefully
>>>
>>> find it's way
>>>
>>> > into
>>>
>>> > mainline soon.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > My goal is to use Seth's work as a base and add the
>>>
>>> other
>>>
>>> > features back
>>>
>>> > again and make it work well. A first version is
>>>
>>> already
>>>
>>> > working and up
>>>
>>> > at https://github.com/ah-/gmux
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > This driver supports all vga_switcheroo operations
>>>
>>> (discrete
>>>
>>> > power
>>>
>>> > on/off, display switching) and they all work on my
>>>
>>> MBP 6,2
>>>
>>> > using the
>>>
>>> > intel and nouveau drivers.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > But unfortunately, it doesn't work with bumbleebee
>>>
>>> and/or the
>>>
>>> > proprietary
>>>
>>> > nvidia driver yet.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > Because I'm using CUDA in other projects, getting
>>>
>>> the
>>>
>>> > proprietary NVIDIA
>>>
>>> > driver running well is very interesting to me. The
>>>
>>> setup
>>>
>>> > bumblebee plus
>>>
>>> > intel + nvidia_current without power management
>>>
>>> works well on
>>>
>>> > my laptop
>>>
>>> > if I switch to the intel card in grub. (It's just
>>>
>>> three
>>>
>>> > outbs). But that
>>>
>>> > breaks suspend and uses 10W more power than
>>>
>>> necessary.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > Does/should bumblebee work with a vga_switcheroo
>>>
>>> driver just
>>>
>>> > for ON/OFF?
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > One thing I stumbled upon is a patch for the
>>>
>>> proprietary
>>>
>>> > NVIDIA
>>>
>>> > driver originally written by "Kayo
>>>
>>> <kayo@xxxxxxxxxxxx>" which
>>>
>>> > adds
>>>
>>> > some kind of vga_switcheroo support to it. I
>>>
>>> modified it to
>>>
>>> > just register
>>>
>>> > with switcheroo (patch is attached), and that part
>>>
>>> works well.
>>>
>>> > Turning
>>>
>>> > off the card works, but turning it on afterwards
>>>
>>> doesn't. Any
>>>
>>> > Ideas?
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > Ultimately I'd like to get two scenarios/workflows
>>>
>>> to work
>>>
>>> > well:
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > 1. Real switching, by disabling one card completely
>>>
>>> and only
>>>
>>> > using
>>>
>>> > the other one, requiring a logout/login.
>>>
>>> > Preferably using the NVIDIA driver.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > 2. Bumblebee switching with working power management
>>>
>>> when the
>>>
>>> > NVIDIA
>>>
>>> > GPU is not in usw.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > I'd appreciate any comments and thoughts on how to
>>>
>>> implement
>>>
>>> > this and
>>>
>>> > how to integrate it with the current hybrid graphics
>>>
>>> > environment.
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > Cheers,
>>>
>>> > Andreas
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> > _______________________________________________
>>>
>>> > Mailing list:
>>>
>>> https://launchpad.net/~hybrid-graphics-linux
>>>
>>> > Post to :
>>>
>>> hybrid-graphics-linux@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>>
>>> > Unsubscribe :
>>>
>>> https://launchpad.net/~hybrid-graphics-linux
>>>
>>> > More help : https://help.launchpad.net/ListHelp
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>> >
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> _______________________________________________
>>>
>>> Mailing list: https://launchpad.net/~hybrid-graphics-linux
>>>
>>> Post to : hybrid-graphics-linux@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>>
>>> Unsubscribe : https://launchpad.net/~hybrid-graphics-linux
>>>
>>> More help : https://help.launchpad.net/ListHelp
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> Mailing list: https://launchpad.net/~hybrid-graphics-linux
>>> Post to : hybrid-graphics-linux@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>> Unsubscribe : https://launchpad.net/~hybrid-graphics-linux
>>> More help : https://help.launchpad.net/ListHelp
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> Mailing list: https://launchpad.net/~hybrid-graphics-linux
>>> Post to : hybrid-graphics-linux@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>> Unsubscribe : https://launchpad.net/~hybrid-graphics-linux
>>> More help : https://help.launchpad.net/ListHelp
>>>
>
References
