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[Stefan Hengelein <ilendir+launchpad@xxxxxxxxx>]

So...i've had a similiar problem after updating from 3.8.0-27 to
3.8.0-29.

while booting i got a "general error mounting filesystems" with a prompt to enter the root-pw for maintanance, which was frozen so i couldn't enter the root pw. or do anything.
in contrary to your problem, the 3.8.0-27 version of the kernel didn't boot after installing the 29 version.

i read that it could be possible that the update wasn't finished, so i tried booting a live-usb stick (/dev/sdb2/ is my partition with linux)
sudo mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt
sudo chroot /mnt
sudo apt-get update 
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

didn't work.

so i tried recovery mode, 
got into root console,
compared /etc/fstab with "blkid" output, everything was ok, uuid were the right ones.

calling dmesg, one of the lastest messages said: mountall segfaulted with 4 (after that 2 adresses, ip / sp, both != null)
calling mountall manually segfaulted also,
called mountall with gdb and "run",  errors in dl-reloc.c 239 and rtld.c (but i don't have the stacktrace now since the problem is gone, so i can't reproduce, but more to that later)

got into root console again, 
filesystem was readonly -> "mount -n -o remount,rw /"
(calling mountall still segfaults)
CTRL+D to get into recovery-menu
start networking
got into root console again
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get autoclean
sudo apt-get  --purge autoremove
sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo dpkg --clear-avail
sudo apt-get -f install
sudo apt-get --fix-missing install

got no output so i thought nothing happend,

searched /var/log for hints what could be wrong. found something like "IOMMU disabled, please enable it"
reboot, enable IOMMU,
suddenly the system boots, (logging in and starting firefox, and so on)
reboot, disable IOMMU, system boots...

currently i'm not sure what it fixed, why the system boots now or if the
problem is really fixed.

dmesg (see attachment), looks like filesystem is readonly again..
could the problem be a problem with EXT4 ? 

not sure if i should file a seperate bug.

** Attachment added: "dmesg.out"
   https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/1215269/+attachment/3782763/+files/dmesg.out

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1215269

Title:
  Unable to boot after kenel update (3.8.0-29).

Status in “linux” package in Ubuntu:
  Incomplete

Bug description:
  After installing the updated kernel (3.8.0-29), I was suddenly unable
  to boot. I will experience a frozen screen for several seconds,
  followed by an error claiming that my installation partition cannot be
  found. However, the 3.8.0-27 kernel seems to work just fine.

  I attempted an fsck, but no errors were found. I then removed the -29
  kernel completely (sudo apt-get purge, followed by sudo update-grub),
  reinstalled it, but ended up with the same result.

  Now for some system details: I'm using Ubuntu 13.04 x86_64, with all
  the latest stable updates installed. My machine's hard drive is
  controlled by an Intel ICH9R/DO/DH SATA AHCI Controller chipset,
  currently set to AHCI mode (as opposed to IDE or RAID mode). Ubuntu is
  stored on an exteded partition, which is formatted with EXT4
  (/dev/sda6). My first three partitions are Windows installs, each with
  formatted with NTFS. Also, I have /dev/sda7 as my Swap partition.

  If there are anymore details I can provide, please don't hesitate to
  ask.

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