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[Bug 1494350] Re: QEMU: causes vCPU steal time overflow on live migration

 

** Description changed:

+ [Impact]
+ It is possible to have vcpu->arch.st.last_steal initialized
+ from a thread other than vcpu thread, say the main thread, via
+ KVM_SET_MSRS. That can cause steal_time overflow later (when subtracting from vcpu threads sched_info.run_delay).
+ 
+ [Test Case]
  Testing Steps with patched trusty kernel:
- 
  Using savemv & loadvm to simulate the migration process.
  
  In guest:
  1. check steal_time data location
  rdmsr 0x4b564d03             <----- returns the start address 0x7fc0d000
  
  2. exam the steal time before savevm in qemu monitor
  (qemu) xp /ug 0x7fc0d000
  xp /ug 0x7fc0d000
  000000007fc0d000:            144139048     <---- steal time value before savevm
  (qemu) savevm mytestvm7
  savevm mytestvm7
  (qemu) quit
  quit
  
  3. give some load to the host system, e.g. stress --cpu <XXX>
  
  4. start the guest with "-loadvm mytestvm7" to restore the state of the
  VM, thus the steal_time MSR
  
  5. exam the steal time value again
  (qemu) xp /ug 0x7fc0d000
  xp /ug 0x7fc0d000
  000000007fc0d000:            147428917     <---- with high cpu load after loadvm, steal time still shows a linear increase
  
  The steal_time value would go backward (because of the overflow) after
  the restoration of the VM state without the fix.
  
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  I'm pasting in text from Debian Bug 785557
  https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=785557
  b/c I couldn't find this issue reported.
  
  It is present in QEMU 2.3, but I haven't tested later versions.  Perhaps
  someone else will find this bug and confirm for later versions.  (Or I
  will when I have time!)
  
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Hi,
  
  I'm trying to debug an issue we're having with some debian.org machines
  running in QEMU 2.1.2 instances (see [1] for more background). In short,
  after a live migration guests running Debian Jessie (linux 3.16) stop
  accounting CPU time properly. /proc/stat in the guest shows no increase
  in user and system time anymore (regardless of workload) and what stands
  out are extremely large values for steal time:
  
   % cat /proc/stat
   cpu  2400 0 1842 650879168 2579640 0 25 136562317270 0 0
   cpu0 1366 0 1028 161392988 1238598 0 11 383803090749 0 0
   cpu1 294 0 240 162582008 639105 0 8 39686436048 0 0
   cpu2 406 0 338 163331066 383867 0 4 333994238765 0 0
   cpu3 332 0 235 163573105 318069 0 1 1223752959076 0 0
   intr 355773871 33 10 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 36 144 0 0 1638612 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5001741 41 0 8516993 0 3669582 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
   ctxt 837862829
   btime 1431642967
   processes 8529939
   procs_running 1
   procs_blocked 0
   softirq 225193331 2 77532878 172 7250024 819289 0 54 33739135 176552 105675225
  
  Reading the memory pointed to by the steal time MSRs pre- and
  post-migration, I can see that post-migration the high bytes are set to
  0xff:
  
  (qemu) xp /8b 0x1fc0cfc0
  000000001fc0cfc0: 0x94 0x57 0x77 0xf5 0xff 0xff 0xff 0xff
  
  The "jump" in steal time happens when the guest is resumed on the
  receiving side.
  
  I've also been able to consistently reproduce this on a Ganeti cluster
  at work, using QEMU 2.1.3 and kernels 3.16 and 4.0 in the guests. The
  issue goes away if I disable the steal time MSR using `-cpu
  qemu64,-kvm_steal_time`.
  
  So, it looks to me as if the steal time MSR is not set/copied properly
  during live migration, although AFAICT this should be the case after
  917367aa968fd4fef29d340e0c7ec8c608dffaab.
  
  After investigating a bit more, it looks like the issue comes from an overflow
  in the kernel's accumulate_steal_time() (arch/x86/kvm/x86.c:2023):
  
    static void accumulate_steal_time(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
    {
            u64 delta;
  
            if (!(vcpu->arch.st.msr_val & KVM_MSR_ENABLED))
                    return;
  
            delta = current->sched_info.run_delay -
  vcpu->arch.st.last_steal;
  
  Using systemtap with the attached script to trace KVM execution on the
  receiving host kernel, we can see that shortly before marking the vCPUs
  as runnable on a migrated KVM instance with 2 vCPUs, the following
  happens (** marks lines of interest):
  
   **  0 qemu-system-x86(18446): kvm_arch_vcpu_load: run_delay=7856949 ns steal=7856949 ns
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_load
       0 vhost-18446(18447): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_should_kick
       5 vhost-18446(18447): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_should_kick
      23 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_load
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl
       2 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_put
       2 qemu-system-x86(18446):  -> kvm_put_guest_fpu
       3 qemu-system-x86(18446):  <- kvm_put_guest_fpu
       4 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_put
   **  0 qemu-system-x86(18446): kvm_arch_vcpu_load: run_delay=7856949 ns steal=7856949 ns
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_load
       1 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_load
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl
       1 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_put
       1 qemu-system-x86(18446):  -> kvm_put_guest_fpu
       2 qemu-system-x86(18446):  <- kvm_put_guest_fpu
       3 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_put
   **  0 qemu-system-x86(18449): kvm_arch_vcpu_load: run_delay=40304 ns steal=7856949 ns
       0 qemu-system-x86(18449): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_load
   **  7 qemu-system-x86(18449): delta: 18446744073701734971 ns, steal=7856949 ns, run_delay=40304 ns
      10 qemu-system-x86(18449): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_load
   **  0 qemu-system-x86(18449): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_run
       4 qemu-system-x86(18449):  -> kvm_arch_vcpu_runnable
       6 qemu-system-x86(18449):  <- kvm_arch_vcpu_runnable
       ...
       0 qemu-system-x86(18448): kvm_arch_vcpu_load: run_delay=0 ns steal=7856949 ns
       0 qemu-system-x86(18448): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_load
   ** 34 qemu-system-x86(18448): delta: 18446744073701694667 ns, steal=7856949 ns, run_delay=0 ns
      40 qemu-system-x86(18448): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_load
   **  0 qemu-system-x86(18448): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_run
       5 qemu-system-x86(18448):  -> kvm_arch_vcpu_runnable
  
  Now, what's really interesting is that current->sched_info.run_delay
  gets reset because the tasks (threads) using the vCPUs change, and thus
  have a different current->sched_info: it looks like task 18446 created
  the two vCPUs, and then they were handed over to 18448 and 18449
  respectively. This is also verified by the fact that during the
  overflow, both vCPUs have the old steal time of the last vcpu_load of
  task 18446. However, according to Documentation/virtual/kvm/api.txt:
  
   - vcpu ioctls: These query and set attributes that control the operation
     of a single virtual cpu.
  
     Only run vcpu ioctls from the same thread that was used to create the
  vcpu.
  
  So it seems qemu is doing something that it shouldn't: calling vCPU
  ioctls from a thread that didn't create the vCPU. Note that this
  probably happens on every QEMU startup, but is not visible because the
  guest kernel zeroes out the steal time on boot.
  
  There are at least two ways to mitigate the issue without a kernel
  recompilation:
  
   - The first one is to disable the steal time propagation from host to
     guest by invoking qemu with `-cpu qemu64,-kvm_steal_time`. This will
     short-circuit accumulate_steal_time() due to (vcpu->arch.st.msr_val &
     KVM_MSR_ENABLED) and will completely disable steal time reporting in
     the guest, which may not be desired if people rely on it to detect
     CPU congestion.
  
   - The other one is using the following systemtap script to prevent the
     steal time counter from overflowing by dropping the problematic
     samples (WARNING: systemtap guru mode required, use at your own
     risk):
  
        probe module("kvm").statement("*@arch/x86/kvm/x86.c:2024") {
          if (@defined($delta) && $delta < 0) {
            printk(4, "kvm: steal time delta < 0, dropping")
            $delta = 0
          }
        }
  
  Note that not all *guests* handle this condition in the same way: 3.2
  guests still get the overflow in /proc/stat, but their scheduler
  continues to work as expected. 3.16 guests OTOH go nuts once steal time
  overflows and stop accumulating system & user time, while entering an
  erratic state where steal time in /proc/stat is *decreasing* on every
  clock tick.
  -------------------------------------------- Revised statement:
  > Now, what's really interesting is that current->sched_info.run_delay
  > gets reset because the tasks (threads) using the vCPUs change, and
  > thus have a different current->sched_info: it looks like task 18446
  > created the two vCPUs, and then they were handed over to 18448 and
  > 18449 respectively. This is also verified by the fact that during the
  > overflow, both vCPUs have the old steal time of the last vcpu_load of
  > task 18446. However, according to Documentation/virtual/kvm/api.txt:
  
  The above is not entirely accurate: the vCPUs were created by the
  threads that are used to run them (18448 and 18449 respectively), it's
  just that the main thread is issuing ioctls during initialization, as
  illustrated by the strace output on a different process:
  
   [ vCPU #0 thread creating vCPU #0 (fd 20) ]
   [pid  1861] ioctl(14, KVM_CREATE_VCPU, 0) = 20
   [pid  1861] ioctl(20, KVM_X86_SETUP_MCE, 0x7fbd3ca40cd8) = 0
   [pid  1861] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_CPUID2, 0x7fbd3ca40ce0) = 0
   [pid  1861] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_SIGNAL_MASK, 0x7fbd380008f0) = 0
  
   [ vCPU #1 thread creating vCPU #1 (fd 21) ]
   [pid  1862] ioctl(14, KVM_CREATE_VCPU, 0x1) = 21
   [pid  1862] ioctl(21, KVM_X86_SETUP_MCE, 0x7fbd37ffdcd8) = 0
   [pid  1862] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_CPUID2, 0x7fbd37ffdce0) = 0
   [pid  1862] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_SIGNAL_MASK, 0x7fbd300008f0) = 0
  
   [ Main thread calling kvm_arch_put_registers() on vCPU #0 ]
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_REGS, 0x7ffc98aac230) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_XSAVE or KVM_SIGNAL_MSI, 0x7fbd38001000) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_PPC_ALLOCATE_HTAB or KVM_SET_XCRS, 0x7ffc98aac010) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_SREGS, 0x7ffc98aac050) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_MSRS, 0x7ffc98aab820) = 87
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_MP_STATE, 0x7ffc98aac230) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_LAPIC, 0x7ffc98aabd80) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_MSRS, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 1
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_PIT2 or KVM_SET_VCPU_EVENTS, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_DEBUGREGS or KVM_SET_TSC_KHZ, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 0
  
   [ Main thread calling kvm_arch_put_registers() on vCPU #1 ]
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_REGS, 0x7ffc98aac230) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_XSAVE or KVM_SIGNAL_MSI, 0x7fbd30001000) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_PPC_ALLOCATE_HTAB or KVM_SET_XCRS, 0x7ffc98aac010) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_SREGS, 0x7ffc98aac050) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_MSRS, 0x7ffc98aab820) = 87
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_MP_STATE, 0x7ffc98aac230) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_LAPIC, 0x7ffc98aabd80) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_MSRS, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 1
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_PIT2 or KVM_SET_VCPU_EVENTS, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_DEBUGREGS or KVM_SET_TSC_KHZ, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 0
  
  Using systemtap again, I noticed that the main thread's run_delay is copied to
  last_steal only after a KVM_SET_MSRS ioctl which enables the steal time
  MSR is issued by the main thread (see linux
  3.16.7-ckt11-1/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c:2162). Taking an educated guess, I
  reverted the following qemu commits:
  
   commit 0e5035776df31380a44a1a851850d110b551ecb6
   Author: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@xxxxxxxxxx>
   Date:   Tue Sep 3 18:55:16 2013 -0300
  
       fix steal time MSR vmsd callback to proper opaque type
  
       Convert steal time MSR vmsd callback pointer to proper X86CPU type.
  
       Signed-off-by: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@xxxxxxxxxx>
       Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@xxxxxxxxxx>
  
   commit 917367aa968fd4fef29d340e0c7ec8c608dffaab
   Author: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@xxxxxxxxxx>
   Date:   Tue Feb 19 23:27:20 2013 -0300
  
       target-i386: kvm: save/restore steal time MSR
  
       Read and write steal time MSR, so that reporting is functional across
       migration.
  
       Signed-off-by: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@xxxxxxxxxx>
       Signed-off-by: Gleb Natapov <gleb@xxxxxxxxxx>
  
  and the steal time jump on migration went away. However, steal time was
  not reported at all after migration, which is expected after reverting
  917367aa.
  
  So it seems that after 917367aa, the steal time MSR is correctly saved
  and copied to the receiving side, but then it is restored by the main
  thread (probably during cpu_synchronize_all_post_init()), causing the
  overflow when the vCPU threads are unpaused.

-- 
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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1494350

Title:
  QEMU: causes vCPU steal time overflow on live migration

Status in Linux:
  Fix Committed
Status in linux package in Ubuntu:
  In Progress

Bug description:
  [Impact]
  It is possible to have vcpu->arch.st.last_steal initialized
  from a thread other than vcpu thread, say the main thread, via
  KVM_SET_MSRS. That can cause steal_time overflow later (when subtracting from vcpu threads sched_info.run_delay).

  [Test Case]
  Testing Steps with patched trusty kernel:
  Using savemv & loadvm to simulate the migration process.

  In guest:
  1. check steal_time data location
  rdmsr 0x4b564d03             <----- returns the start address 0x7fc0d000

  2. exam the steal time before savevm in qemu monitor
  (qemu) xp /ug 0x7fc0d000
  xp /ug 0x7fc0d000
  000000007fc0d000:            144139048     <---- steal time value before savevm
  (qemu) savevm mytestvm7
  savevm mytestvm7
  (qemu) quit
  quit

  3. give some load to the host system, e.g. stress --cpu <XXX>

  4. start the guest with "-loadvm mytestvm7" to restore the state of
  the VM, thus the steal_time MSR

  5. exam the steal time value again
  (qemu) xp /ug 0x7fc0d000
  xp /ug 0x7fc0d000
  000000007fc0d000:            147428917     <---- with high cpu load after loadvm, steal time still shows a linear increase

  The steal_time value would go backward (because of the overflow) after
  the restoration of the VM state without the fix.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

  I'm pasting in text from Debian Bug 785557
  https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=785557
  b/c I couldn't find this issue reported.

  It is present in QEMU 2.3, but I haven't tested later versions.
  Perhaps someone else will find this bug and confirm for later
  versions.  (Or I will when I have time!)

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  Hi,

  I'm trying to debug an issue we're having with some debian.org machines
  running in QEMU 2.1.2 instances (see [1] for more background). In short,
  after a live migration guests running Debian Jessie (linux 3.16) stop
  accounting CPU time properly. /proc/stat in the guest shows no increase
  in user and system time anymore (regardless of workload) and what stands
  out are extremely large values for steal time:

   % cat /proc/stat
   cpu  2400 0 1842 650879168 2579640 0 25 136562317270 0 0
   cpu0 1366 0 1028 161392988 1238598 0 11 383803090749 0 0
   cpu1 294 0 240 162582008 639105 0 8 39686436048 0 0
   cpu2 406 0 338 163331066 383867 0 4 333994238765 0 0
   cpu3 332 0 235 163573105 318069 0 1 1223752959076 0 0
   intr 355773871 33 10 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 36 144 0 0 1638612 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5001741 41 0 8516993 0 3669582 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
   ctxt 837862829
   btime 1431642967
   processes 8529939
   procs_running 1
   procs_blocked 0
   softirq 225193331 2 77532878 172 7250024 819289 0 54 33739135 176552 105675225

  Reading the memory pointed to by the steal time MSRs pre- and
  post-migration, I can see that post-migration the high bytes are set to
  0xff:

  (qemu) xp /8b 0x1fc0cfc0
  000000001fc0cfc0: 0x94 0x57 0x77 0xf5 0xff 0xff 0xff 0xff

  The "jump" in steal time happens when the guest is resumed on the
  receiving side.

  I've also been able to consistently reproduce this on a Ganeti cluster
  at work, using QEMU 2.1.3 and kernels 3.16 and 4.0 in the guests. The
  issue goes away if I disable the steal time MSR using `-cpu
  qemu64,-kvm_steal_time`.

  So, it looks to me as if the steal time MSR is not set/copied properly
  during live migration, although AFAICT this should be the case after
  917367aa968fd4fef29d340e0c7ec8c608dffaab.

  After investigating a bit more, it looks like the issue comes from an overflow
  in the kernel's accumulate_steal_time() (arch/x86/kvm/x86.c:2023):

    static void accumulate_steal_time(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
    {
            u64 delta;

            if (!(vcpu->arch.st.msr_val & KVM_MSR_ENABLED))
                    return;

            delta = current->sched_info.run_delay -
  vcpu->arch.st.last_steal;

  Using systemtap with the attached script to trace KVM execution on the
  receiving host kernel, we can see that shortly before marking the vCPUs
  as runnable on a migrated KVM instance with 2 vCPUs, the following
  happens (** marks lines of interest):

   **  0 qemu-system-x86(18446): kvm_arch_vcpu_load: run_delay=7856949 ns steal=7856949 ns
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_load
       0 vhost-18446(18447): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_should_kick
       5 vhost-18446(18447): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_should_kick
      23 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_load
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl
       2 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_put
       2 qemu-system-x86(18446):  -> kvm_put_guest_fpu
       3 qemu-system-x86(18446):  <- kvm_put_guest_fpu
       4 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_put
   **  0 qemu-system-x86(18446): kvm_arch_vcpu_load: run_delay=7856949 ns steal=7856949 ns
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_load
       1 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_load
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl
       1 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl
       0 qemu-system-x86(18446): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_put
       1 qemu-system-x86(18446):  -> kvm_put_guest_fpu
       2 qemu-system-x86(18446):  <- kvm_put_guest_fpu
       3 qemu-system-x86(18446): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_put
   **  0 qemu-system-x86(18449): kvm_arch_vcpu_load: run_delay=40304 ns steal=7856949 ns
       0 qemu-system-x86(18449): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_load
   **  7 qemu-system-x86(18449): delta: 18446744073701734971 ns, steal=7856949 ns, run_delay=40304 ns
      10 qemu-system-x86(18449): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_load
   **  0 qemu-system-x86(18449): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_run
       4 qemu-system-x86(18449):  -> kvm_arch_vcpu_runnable
       6 qemu-system-x86(18449):  <- kvm_arch_vcpu_runnable
       ...
       0 qemu-system-x86(18448): kvm_arch_vcpu_load: run_delay=0 ns steal=7856949 ns
       0 qemu-system-x86(18448): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_load
   ** 34 qemu-system-x86(18448): delta: 18446744073701694667 ns, steal=7856949 ns, run_delay=0 ns
      40 qemu-system-x86(18448): <- kvm_arch_vcpu_load
   **  0 qemu-system-x86(18448): -> kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_run
       5 qemu-system-x86(18448):  -> kvm_arch_vcpu_runnable

  Now, what's really interesting is that current->sched_info.run_delay
  gets reset because the tasks (threads) using the vCPUs change, and thus
  have a different current->sched_info: it looks like task 18446 created
  the two vCPUs, and then they were handed over to 18448 and 18449
  respectively. This is also verified by the fact that during the
  overflow, both vCPUs have the old steal time of the last vcpu_load of
  task 18446. However, according to Documentation/virtual/kvm/api.txt:

   - vcpu ioctls: These query and set attributes that control the operation
     of a single virtual cpu.

     Only run vcpu ioctls from the same thread that was used to create
  the vcpu.

  So it seems qemu is doing something that it shouldn't: calling vCPU
  ioctls from a thread that didn't create the vCPU. Note that this
  probably happens on every QEMU startup, but is not visible because the
  guest kernel zeroes out the steal time on boot.

  There are at least two ways to mitigate the issue without a kernel
  recompilation:

   - The first one is to disable the steal time propagation from host to
     guest by invoking qemu with `-cpu qemu64,-kvm_steal_time`. This will
     short-circuit accumulate_steal_time() due to (vcpu->arch.st.msr_val &
     KVM_MSR_ENABLED) and will completely disable steal time reporting in
     the guest, which may not be desired if people rely on it to detect
     CPU congestion.

   - The other one is using the following systemtap script to prevent the
     steal time counter from overflowing by dropping the problematic
     samples (WARNING: systemtap guru mode required, use at your own
     risk):

        probe module("kvm").statement("*@arch/x86/kvm/x86.c:2024") {
          if (@defined($delta) && $delta < 0) {
            printk(4, "kvm: steal time delta < 0, dropping")
            $delta = 0
          }
        }

  Note that not all *guests* handle this condition in the same way: 3.2
  guests still get the overflow in /proc/stat, but their scheduler
  continues to work as expected. 3.16 guests OTOH go nuts once steal time
  overflows and stop accumulating system & user time, while entering an
  erratic state where steal time in /proc/stat is *decreasing* on every
  clock tick.
  -------------------------------------------- Revised statement:
  > Now, what's really interesting is that current->sched_info.run_delay
  > gets reset because the tasks (threads) using the vCPUs change, and
  > thus have a different current->sched_info: it looks like task 18446
  > created the two vCPUs, and then they were handed over to 18448 and
  > 18449 respectively. This is also verified by the fact that during the
  > overflow, both vCPUs have the old steal time of the last vcpu_load of
  > task 18446. However, according to Documentation/virtual/kvm/api.txt:

  The above is not entirely accurate: the vCPUs were created by the
  threads that are used to run them (18448 and 18449 respectively), it's
  just that the main thread is issuing ioctls during initialization, as
  illustrated by the strace output on a different process:

   [ vCPU #0 thread creating vCPU #0 (fd 20) ]
   [pid  1861] ioctl(14, KVM_CREATE_VCPU, 0) = 20
   [pid  1861] ioctl(20, KVM_X86_SETUP_MCE, 0x7fbd3ca40cd8) = 0
   [pid  1861] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_CPUID2, 0x7fbd3ca40ce0) = 0
   [pid  1861] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_SIGNAL_MASK, 0x7fbd380008f0) = 0

   [ vCPU #1 thread creating vCPU #1 (fd 21) ]
   [pid  1862] ioctl(14, KVM_CREATE_VCPU, 0x1) = 21
   [pid  1862] ioctl(21, KVM_X86_SETUP_MCE, 0x7fbd37ffdcd8) = 0
   [pid  1862] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_CPUID2, 0x7fbd37ffdce0) = 0
   [pid  1862] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_SIGNAL_MASK, 0x7fbd300008f0) = 0

   [ Main thread calling kvm_arch_put_registers() on vCPU #0 ]
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_REGS, 0x7ffc98aac230) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_XSAVE or KVM_SIGNAL_MSI, 0x7fbd38001000) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_PPC_ALLOCATE_HTAB or KVM_SET_XCRS, 0x7ffc98aac010) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_SREGS, 0x7ffc98aac050) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_MSRS, 0x7ffc98aab820) = 87
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_MP_STATE, 0x7ffc98aac230) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_LAPIC, 0x7ffc98aabd80) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_MSRS, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 1
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_PIT2 or KVM_SET_VCPU_EVENTS, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(20, KVM_SET_DEBUGREGS or KVM_SET_TSC_KHZ, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 0

   [ Main thread calling kvm_arch_put_registers() on vCPU #1 ]
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_REGS, 0x7ffc98aac230) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_XSAVE or KVM_SIGNAL_MSI, 0x7fbd30001000) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_PPC_ALLOCATE_HTAB or KVM_SET_XCRS, 0x7ffc98aac010) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_SREGS, 0x7ffc98aac050) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_MSRS, 0x7ffc98aab820) = 87
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_MP_STATE, 0x7ffc98aac230) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_LAPIC, 0x7ffc98aabd80) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_MSRS, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 1
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_PIT2 or KVM_SET_VCPU_EVENTS, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 0
   [pid  1859] ioctl(21, KVM_SET_DEBUGREGS or KVM_SET_TSC_KHZ, 0x7ffc98aac1b0) = 0

  Using systemtap again, I noticed that the main thread's run_delay is copied to
  last_steal only after a KVM_SET_MSRS ioctl which enables the steal time
  MSR is issued by the main thread (see linux
  3.16.7-ckt11-1/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c:2162). Taking an educated guess, I
  reverted the following qemu commits:

   commit 0e5035776df31380a44a1a851850d110b551ecb6
   Author: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@xxxxxxxxxx>
   Date:   Tue Sep 3 18:55:16 2013 -0300

       fix steal time MSR vmsd callback to proper opaque type

       Convert steal time MSR vmsd callback pointer to proper X86CPU
  type.

       Signed-off-by: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@xxxxxxxxxx>
       Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@xxxxxxxxxx>

   commit 917367aa968fd4fef29d340e0c7ec8c608dffaab
   Author: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@xxxxxxxxxx>
   Date:   Tue Feb 19 23:27:20 2013 -0300

       target-i386: kvm: save/restore steal time MSR

       Read and write steal time MSR, so that reporting is functional across
       migration.

       Signed-off-by: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@xxxxxxxxxx>
       Signed-off-by: Gleb Natapov <gleb@xxxxxxxxxx>

  and the steal time jump on migration went away. However, steal time was
  not reported at all after migration, which is expected after reverting
  917367aa.

  So it seems that after 917367aa, the steal time MSR is correctly saved
  and copied to the receiving side, but then it is restored by the main
  thread (probably during cpu_synchronize_all_post_init()), causing the
  overflow when the vCPU threads are unpaused.

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